Published date:
31 December 1990
Published date:
1 January 1993
This study updates the 1985 NEA report and presents a comprehensive analysis of the individual and total costs of the nuclear fuel cycle for a pressurised water reactor (PWR) to be commissioned in th...
Published date:
1 January 1994
Published date:
1 January 1996
Les événements qui caractérisent le marché mondial de l'uranium depuis quelques années illustrent l'incertitude qui semble persister et à laquelle les producteurs et les consommateurs d'uranium à tra...
Published date:
1 January 1998
Nuclear Energy Data is the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency's annual compilation of basic statistics on electricity generation and nuclear power in OECD countries. The reader will have quick and easy refer...
Published date:
1 January 1999
Les isotopes radioactifs et stables sont utiisés à travers le monde dans de nombreux secteurs, notamment en médecine, dans l'industrie, l'agriculture et la recherche. Les isotopes sont irremplaçables...
Published date:
6 December 1999
Energy and nuclear policy makers face many challenges as they evaluate options to ensure an adequate supply of electricity while pursuing environmental, economic and energy security goals. Many analy...
Published date:
1 January 2000
Published date:
7 December 2000
Isotopes, radioactive and stable, are used worldwide in various applications related to medical diagnosis or care, industry and scientific research. More than fifty countries have isotope production ...
Published date:
31 December 2001
Nuclear Energy Data is the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency's annual compilation of basic statistics on electricity generation and nuclear power in OECD countries. The reader will have quick and easy refer...
Published date:
30 May 2001
The objective of the OECD/NEA Information Exchange Programme on Actinide and Fission Product Partitioning and Transmutation (P&T), established in 1989, is to enhance the value of basic research in th...
Published date:
19 June 2001
D'importantes quantités d'uranium appauvri ont été produites par suite des activités d'enrichissement effectuées surtout aux Etats-Unis et en Fédération de Russie. Les pays qui en ont en stock ont do...
Published date:
22 August 2001
The role of nuclear energy in a sustainable development context has multiple facets, a significant number of which relate to the nuclear fuel cycle. This report provides a description of the developm...
Published date:
1 January 2002
Environmental remediation activities in uranium mines and mills have become increasingly important in the last few decades due to the large number of facilities which have been taken out of operation...
Published date:
14 February 2002
Le réaménagement de l'environnement des sites des mines et usines de traitement d'uranium a pris un tournant majeur depuis quelques décennies. Les raisons de cette évolution sont multiples : un grand...
Published date:
18 February 2002
Published date:
7 March 2002
Published date:
8 March 2002
This report reviews how some of the innovative nuclear-fission technologies being developed today attempt to address the challenges facing nuclear energy. It suggests some areas for collaborative res...
Published date:
8 August 2002
The "Red Book", jointly prepared by the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency and the International Atomic Energy Agency, is a recognised world reference on uranium. Its contents are based on official informati...
Published date:
9 August 2002
This new edition of Nuclear Energy Data, the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency's annual compilation of essential statistics on nuclear energy in OECD countries, offers additional textual and graphical infor...
Published date:
13 September 2002
Le "Livre rouge", établi conjointement par l'Agence de l'OCDE pour l'énergie nucléaire et l'Agence internationale de l'énergie atomique, est un ouvrage de référence sur l'uranium faisant autorité au ...
Published date:
24 September 2002
This new edition of Nuclear Energy Data, the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency's annual compilation of essential statistics on nuclear energy in OECD countries, offers additional textual and graphical infor...
Published date:
3 June 2003
Energy is the power of the world's economies, whose appetite for this commodity is increasing as the leading economies expand and developing economies grow. How to provide the energy demanded while p...
Published date:
6 June 2003
The decommissioning of nuclear power plants is a topic of increasing interest to governments and the industry as many nuclear units approach retirement. It is important in this context to assess deco...
Published date:
11 August 2003
L'énergie est le carburant de l'économie mondiale. Pour alimenter leur croissance, les pays développés comme les pays en développement en consomment toujours davantage. Comment concilier la demande d...
Published date:
1 October 2003
Published date:
28 October 2003
Published date:
10 November 2003
Published date:
31 December 2004
Technically, nuclear fission reactors in operation or being built can supply non-electricity products. However, while non-electrical applications have been considered since the very beginning of nucl...
Published date:
1 January 2004
The main objective of national energy policies in OECD countries is to ensure the availability of secure and economic supplies with minimal environmental impact. The means of achieving security and c...
Published date:
31 March 2004
L'objectif essentiel des politiques énergétiques des pays de l'OCDE est d'assurer la sécurité d'approvisionnement au meilleur coût tout en respectant l'environnement. Les moyens mis en oeuvre pour at...
Published date:
2 April 2004
This new edition of Nuclear Energy Data, the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency's annual compilation of essential statistics on nuclear energy in OECD countries, offers additional graphical information as co...
Published date:
8 June 2004
The "Red Book", jointly prepared by the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency and the International Atomic Energy Agency, is a recognised world reference on uranium. This edition, the 20th, presents the results...
Published date:
24 June 2004
NEA News is the professional journal of the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA). It features articles on the latest nuclear energy issues concerning the economic and technical aspects of nuclear energy, nucl...
Published date:
29 June 2004
Published date:
16 August 2004
Le "Livre rouge", établi conjointement par l'Agence de l'OCDE pour l'énergie nucléaire et l'Agence internationale de l'énergie atomique, est un ouvrage de référence sur l'uranium faisant autorité au ...
Published date:
13 September 2004
Dans de nombreux pays, le financement public de la R&D dans le domaine de l'énergie nucléaire a décru considérablement ou a même complètement disparu. Dans le même temps, les bénéfices des compagnies...
Published date:
28 October 2004
Les radioisotopes jouent un rôle de plus en plus important en médecine pour les diagnostics et la thérapie, dans l'industrie et dans la recherche scientifique. Ils peuvent être essentiels pour notre ...
Published date:
25 February 2005
This sixth study in a series on projected costs of generating electricity presents and analyses cost estimates for some 130 power and co-generation (heat and power) plants using coal, gas, nuclear a...
Published date:
18 March 2005
Cette étude est la sixième d'une série sur les coûts prévisionnels de production de l'électricité. Elle présente et analyse des estimations de coûts pour quelque 130 centrales électriques et cogénéra...
Published date:
20 April 2005
This new edition of Nuclear Energy Data, the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency's annual compilation of essential statistics on nuclear energy in OECD countries, offers a projection horizon lengthened to 202...
Published date:
31 May 2005
Since 2001 the price of uranium has steadily climbed over five-fold, at a rate and reaching heights not seen since the 1970s. As a result, the uranium industry has seen a surge of activity, ending a ...
Published date:
23 May 2006
This study analyses a range of advanced nuclear fuel cycle options from the perspective of their effect on radioactive waste management policies. It presents various fuel cycle options which illustra...
Published date:
26 May 2006
Pour une grande partie de la classe politique et de la population, la très longue durée de vie de certains radionucléides contenus dans les déchets radioactifs pose un problème difficile pour le stoc...
Published date:
29 May 2006
2005 was a year of major activity within the nuclear sector. Interest in nuclear energy is growing significantly in many OECD member countries with the construction of new plants, new plans for nucle...
Published date:
13 June 2006
Energie ist der Motor der Weltwirtschaft und mit der Expansion der führenden Volkswirtschaften und dem Wachstum der Entwicklungsländer steigt der Weltenergiebedarf stetig an. Die Befriedigung dieser ...
Published date:
27 July 2006
Cette étude analyse différents cycles du combustible nucléaire avancés du point de vue de leur impact sur la gestion des déchets radioactifs. Elle examine divers cycles et illustre les différences en...
Published date:
4 August 2006
The "Red Book", jointly prepared by the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), was first published in 1965 and has since grown to be a recognised world re...
Published date:
13 September 2006
Depuis 2001, le prix de l'uranium a été multiplié par plus de cinq, à un rythme inégalé et pour atteindre des niveaux qui n'avaient pas été constatés depuis les années 70. L'industrie de l'uranium a ...
Published date:
3 October 2006
This book, prepared by NEA member country experts, contains data and analyses relevant to nuclear power plant life management and the plants' extended, longer-term operation (LTO). It addresses techn...
Published date:
24 October 2006
Ce livre, préparé par des experts des pays membres de l'AEN, contient des données et des analyses relatives à la gestion et à la prolongation de la durée de vie des centrales nucléaires. Il couvre le...
Published date:
28 November 2006
Innovation has been a driving force in the successful deployment of nuclear energy and remains essential today for its sustainable future. As nuclear energy is an attractive option for ensuring diver...
Published date:
21 February 2007
La première parution du « Livre rouge », préparé conjointement par l'Agence de l'OCDE pour l'énergie nucléaire (AEN) et l'Agence internationale de l'énergie atomique (AIEA), remonte à 1965 et, depuis...
Published date:
2 March 2007
Interest in nuclear energy continues to grow in many countries as a means to ensure security of energy supply and to limit greenhouse gas emissions from the power sector. In this context, recyclable ...
Published date:
27 April 2007
L'intérêt pour l'énergie nucléaire va croissant dans de nombreux pays en raison de sa capacité d'accroître la sécurité d'approvisionnement énergétique et de réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de se...
Published date:
13 June 2007
This new edition of Nuclear Energy Data, the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency’s annual compilation of essential statistics on nuclear energy in OECD countries, offers projections lengthened to 2030 for the...
Published date:
14 June 2007
Published date:
20 June 2007
This study identifies key factors influencing the timing of high-level waste (HLW) disposal and examines how social acceptability, technical soundness, environmental responsibility and economic feasi...
Published date:
15 May 2008
With several countries building nuclear power plants and many more considering the use of nuclear power to produce electricity in order to meet rising demand, the uranium industry has become the focu...
Published date:
10 June 2008
This new edition of Nuclear Energy Data, the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency’s annual compilation of essential statistics on nuclear energy in OECD countries, provides information on the latest plans for ...
Published date:
11 July 2008
Cette étude met en évidence les facteurs clés affectant le calendrier du stockage définitif des déchets radioactifs de haute activité. Elle analyse comment l'acceptation sociale, la robustesse techni...
Published date:
14 August 2008
Published date:
5 September 2008
Published date:
6 October 2008
Published date:
13 November 2008
Alors que plusieurs pays construisent des centrales nucléaires et que bien d’autres envisagent d’avoir recours à l’énergie nucléaire pour produire l’électricité nécessaire pour faire face à une deman...
Published date:
15 December 2008
Published date:
31 December 2009
Published date:
13 February 2009
Published date:
13 March 2009
Published date:
28 May 2009
This new edition of Nuclear Energy Data, the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency’s annual compilation of essential statistics on nuclear energy in OECD countries, provides information on plans for new nuclear...
Published date:
4 September 2009
Published date:
30 November 2009
Published date:
12 February 2010
Les réactions du public face à l’énergie nucléaire sont fondamentales pour la détermination des politiques nucléaires dans les pays de l’OCDE/AEN, et ces derniers ne pourront faire appel à cette sour...
Published date:
22 March 2010
This joint report by the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) is the seventh in a series of studies on electricity generating costs. It presents the latest data...
Published date:
25 March 2010
Published date:
18 May 2010
Published date:
3 June 2010
Published date:
16 June 2010
Ce rapport conjoint de l’Agence internationale de l’énergie (AIE) et de l’Agence de l'OCDE pour l’énergie nucléaire (AEN) est la septième d’une série d’études consacrées aux coûts de production d’éle...
Published date:
25 June 2010
With several countries currently building nuclear power plants and planning the construction of more to meet long-term increases in electricity demand, uranium resources, production and demand remain...
Published date:
28 July 2010
Published date:
31 August 2010
This new edition of Nuclear Energy Data, the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency’s annual compilation of official statistics and country reports on nuclear energy, provides key information on plans for new nu...
Published date:
15 September 2010
The reliable supply of molybdenum-99 (Mo-99) and its decay product, technetium-99m (Tc-99m), is a vital component of modern medical diagnostic practices. Disruptions in the supply chain of these radi...
Published date:
16 September 2010
Published date:
13 December 2010
Published date:
8 February 2011
Avec la construction de centrales nucléaires dans plusieurs pays et des projets de construction additionnels pour répondre à la demande croissante d’électricité, les ressources en uranium, sa product...
Published date:
21 February 2011
Chaque année on produit de grandes quantités de déchets dangereux, mais seule une faible proportion est constituée de déchets radioactifs. Si, globalement, on a trouvé des solutions satisfaisantes po...
Published date:
22 April 2011
Nuclear power plants are used extensively as base load sources of electricity. This is the most economical and technically simple mode of operation. In this mode, power changes are limited to frequen...
Published date:
1 June 2011
Published date:
17 June 2011
Published date:
21 June 2011
Published date:
23 June 2011
Quelle peut être la contribution du nucléaire à l’amélioration de la sécurité d’approvisionnement énergétique ? Cette étude, qui porte sur une sélection de pays membres de l’OCDE, confirme par une an...
Published date:
1 July 2011
Published date:
12 July 2011
Published date:
3 August 2011
Published date:
18 August 2011
Nuclear Energy Data, the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency’s annual compilation of statistics and country reports on nuclear energy, contains official information provided by OECD member country governments...
Published date:
5 October 2011
Published date:
10 November 2011
Published date:
22 November 2011
Interest in expanding nuclear power to cope with rising demand for energy and potential climate change places increased attention on the nuclear fuel cycle and whether significant moves are being tak...
Published date:
21 December 2011
Interest in expanding nuclear power to cope with rising demand for energy and potential climate change places increased attention on the nuclear fuel cycle and whether significant moves are being tak...
Published date:
16 January 2012
The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) first published in 2000 Nuclear Education and Training: Cause for Concern?, which highlighted significant issues in the availability of human resources for the nu...
Published date:
4 April 2012
The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) first published in 2000 Nuclear Education and Training: Cause for Concern?, which highlighted significant issues in the availability of human resources for the nu...
Published date:
12 April 2012
This report assesses the role that nuclear energy can play in supporting the transition to a low-carbon energy system. It begins by considering the greenhouse gas emissions from the full nuclear fuel...
Published date:
18 June 2012
In the wake of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident, questions are being raised about the future of the uranium market, including as regards the number of reactors expected to be built ...
Published date:
26 July 2012
Published date:
30 July 2012
Nuclear Energy Data is the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency’s annual compilation of statistics and country reports documenting the status of nuclear power in the OECD area. Information provided by member c...
Published date:
24 September 2012
In the wake of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident, questions are being raised about the future of the uranium market, including as regards the number of reactors expected to be built ...
Published date:
1 November 2012
Published date:
5 November 2012
Published date:
9 November 2012
Published date:
1 December 2012
Published date:
17 December 2012
Published date:
18 December 2012
Refurbishment and long-term operation (LTO) of existing nuclear power plants (NPPs) today are crucial to the competitiveness of the nuclear industry in OECD countries as existing nuclear power plants...
Published date:
19 December 2012
Meeting the growing demand for energy, and electricity in particular, while addressing the need to curb greenhouse gas emissions and to ensure security of energy supply, is one of the most difficult ...
Published date:
21 December 2012
L'intérêt porté au développement de l'énergie nucléaire pour satisfaire une demande croissante d'énergie et faire face au changement climatique conduit à s'intéresser de plus près au cycle du combust...
Published date:
31 December 2013
Published date:
23 October 2013
Nuclear Energy Data is the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency's annual compilation of statistics and country reports documenting the status of nuclear power in the OECD area. Information provided by member c...
Published date:
3 December 2013
Uranium mining and milling has evolved significantly over the years. By comparing currently leading approaches with outdated practices, this report demonstrates how uranium mining can be conducted in...
Published date:
4 June 2014
Producing uranium in a safe and environmentally responsible manner is not only important to the producers and consumers of the product, but also to society at large. Given expectations of growth in n...
Published date:
14 August 2014
Uranium is the raw material used to fuel over 400 operational nuclear reactors around the world that produce large amounts of electricity and benefit from life cycle carbon emissions as low as renewa...
Published date:
9 September 2014
Uranium is the raw material used to fuel over 400 operational nuclear reactors around the world that produce large amounts of electricity and benefit from life cycle carbon emissions as low as renewa...
Published date:
14 October 2014
Nuclear Energy Data is the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency's annual compilation of statistics and country reports documenting the status of nuclear power in the OECD area. Information provided by member c...
Published date:
8 December 2014
Published date:
19 January 2015
Nuclear new build has been progressing steadily since the year 2000, with the construction of 94 new reactors initiated and 56 completed reactors connected to the grid. Among these new reactors are s...
Published date:
20 July 2015
This joint report by the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) is the eighth in a series of studies on electricity generating costs. As policy makers work to ensure th...
Published date:
31 August 2015
Published date:
1 September 2015
Published date:
21 October 2015
The global response to address climate change is a key policy challenge of the 21st century. Many governments around the world have agreed that action should be taken to achieve large cuts in greenho...
Published date:
5 November 2015
Published date:
17 November 2015
While refurbishments for the long-term operation of nuclear power plants and for the lifetime extension of such plants have been widely pursued in recent years, the number of plants to be decommissio...
Published date:
2 March 2016
Recent interest in small modular reactors (SMRs) is being driven by a desire to reduce the total capital costs associated with nuclear power plants and to provide power to small grid systems. Accordi...
Published date:
22 September 2016
Uranium is the raw material used to produce fuel for long-lived nuclear power facilities, necessary for the generation of significant amounts of baseload low-carbon electricity for decades to come. A...
Published date:
30 November 2016
Nuclear Energy Data is the Nuclear Energy Agency's annual compilation of statistics and country reports documenting nuclear power status in NEA member countries and in the OECD area. Information prov...
Published date:
20 December 2016
This Strategic Plan is intended to guide the NEA as it seeks to meet the evolving needs of member countries in the application and exploration of nuclear science and technology. The plan includes an ...
Published date:
22 December 2016
The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident has had an impact on the development of nuclear power around the world. While the accident was followed by thorough technical assessments of the saf...
Published date:
6 April 2017
Published date:
12 April 2017
Published date:
1 August 2017
Nuclear Energy Data is the Nuclear Energy Agency's annual compilation of statistics and country reports documenting nuclear power status in NEA member countries and in the OECD area. Information prov...
Published date:
20 November 2017
Electricity provision touches upon every facet of life in OECD and non-OECD countries alike, and choosing how this electricity is generated - whether from fossil fuels, nuclear energy or renewables -...
Published date:
13 April 2018
This NEA Policy Brief introduces the ongoing research on the overall costs of electricity, as only certain costs of electricity provision are perceived directly by producers and consumers. Other cost...
Published date:
1 July 2018
The brochure provides background information about the NEA.
Published date:
10 September 2018
The nuclear energy sector employs a considerable workforce around the world, and with nuclear power projected to grow in countries with increasing electricity demand, corresponding jobs in the nuclea...
Published date:
25 October 2018
Electricity provision touches upon every facet of life in OECD and non-OECD countries alike, and choosing how this electricity is generated whether from fossil fuels, nuclear energy or renewables aff...
Published date:
29 October 2018
Uranium is the raw material used to produce fuel for long-lived nuclear power facilities, necessary for the generation of significant amounts of baseload low-carbon electricity for decades to come. A...
Published date:
13 December 2018
Nuclear Energy Data is the Nuclear Energy Agency's annual compilation of statistics and country reports documenting nuclear power status in NEA member countries and in the OECD area. Information prov...
Published date:
14 December 2018
Under the Paris Agreement, OECD countries agreed to aim for a reduction of their greenhouse gas emissions sufficient to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre...
Published date:
2 January 2019
Under the Paris Agreement, OECD countries agreed to aim for a reduction of their greenhouse gas emissions sufficient to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre...
Published date:
25 January 2019
This report explores the main reasons behind the unreliable supply of Technetium‑99m (Tc‑99m) in health‑care systems and policy options to address the issue. Tc‑99m is used in 85% of nuclear medicine...
Published date:
18 November 2019
Nuclear Energy Data is the Nuclear Energy Agency’s annual compilation of statistics and country reports documenting nuclear power status in NEA member countries and in the OECD area. Information prov...
Published date:
16 December 2019
- Electricity security is an essential public need, at the same level as food security and access to health care.
- Nuclear energy is a key contributor to electricity security and already contributes po...
Published date:
1 June 2020
- The post-COVID-19 economic recovery is a perfect opportunity to create jobs and economic development while continuing to move ahead with the energy transition.
- Investing in nuclear energy creates a ...
Published date:
1 June 2020
The NEA Annual Report 2019 provides an overview of the status of nuclear power in NEA member countries and illustrative descriptions of the Agency's activities and international joint projects. 2019 ...
Published date:
12 June 2020
This study assesses the policy and governance frameworks needed to drive positive learning and continuous industrial performance for nuclear new build. The study also explores the risk allocation and...
Published date:
2 July 2020
Published date:
11 August 2020
Published date:
11 August 2020
Published date:
11 August 2020
Published date:
11 August 2020
Published date:
11 August 2020
Published date:
11 August 2020
Published date:
11 August 2020
Published date:
11 August 2020
Published date:
11 August 2020
Published date:
12 August 2020
Published date:
12 August 2020
Published date:
12 August 2020
Published date:
12 August 2020
Published date:
12 August 2020
Published date:
12 August 2020
Published date:
12 August 2020
Published date:
12 August 2020
This joint report by the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) is the ninth in a series of studies on electricity generating costs. As countries work towards ensuring ...
Published date:
9 December 2020
Nuclear Energy Data is the Nuclear Energy Agency’s annual compilation of statistics and country reports documenting nuclear power status in NEA member countries and in the OECD area. Information prov...
Published date:
5 March 2021
The world’s nuclear power reactors are ageing, with the majority approaching the end of their planned operational lifetimes in the coming years. The adequacy of funding for decommissioning and radioa...
Published date:
18 June 2021
Energy markets will be significantly different in the future. The electricity generation system is becoming more diverse with the development of energy-related technologies including renewable energy...
Published date:
2 December 2021
The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) Strategic Plan serves as a guiding instrument that reflects the priorities of its member countries as the Agency addresses evolving needs in the exploration and a...
Published date:
25 January 2022
All credible models show that nuclear energy has an important role to play in global climate change mitigation efforts (e.g. IEA, 2021; BNEF, 2021; IIASA, 2021). Despite clear analyses from many sour...
Published date:
12 May 2022
Nuclear Energy Data is the Nuclear Energy Agency’s annual compilation of statistics and country reports documenting nuclear power status in NEA member countries and in the OECD area. Information prov...
Published date:
1 June 2022
Nuclear energy is an important source of low-carbon electricity and plays a significant role in avoiding carbon emissions. It has the potential to contribute further to the decarbonisation of the wor...
Published date:
22 July 2022
NEA News is the professional journal of the NEA. It features articles on the latest nuclear energy issues concerning the economic and technical aspects of nuclear energy, nuclear safety and regulatio...
Published date:
31 August 2022
Hydrogen is expected to play important roles in decarbonised energy systems, as an energy source for otherwise hard-to-electrify sectors as well as a storage vector to enhance power system flexibilit...
Published date:
21 September 2022
With an electricity system defined by high shares of hydropower, large capacity for interconnection with its neighbours and low carbon intensity, Switzerland is well positioned to attain its objectiv...
Published date:
27 October 2022
Realising the contribution of nuclear energy to achieving net zero carbon emission in 2050 will require raising significant amounts of capital at competitive rates. On the basis of work under the aeg...
Published date:
12 December 2022
The transformative activity of mining has numerous economic, social and environmental impacts that can be both positive and adverse for communities, ecosystems and economies. As the uranium industry ...
Published date:
2 February 2023
Uranium is the main raw material fuelling all nuclear fission reactors today. Countries around the world use it to reliably generate low-carbon electricity, process heat and hydrogen as part of their...
Published date:
3 April 2023
